CODEBOOK AND USER'S MANUAL: A SURVEY OF 5,419 WORKERS IN THE FURNITURE INDUSTRY OF MICHIGAN, 1889 REPORTED IN THE SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE MICHIGAN BUREAU OF LABOR AND INDUSTRIAL STATISTICS Version 2.1 June 3, 1993 Susan B. Carter Roger L. Ransom Richard Sutch Hongcheng Zhao Historical Labor Statistics Project Institute of Business and Economic Research University of California Berkeley, California 94720 This codebook is a preliminary draft. The data described here and accompanying this version of the codebook is still in a preliminary format and may contain errors. Those wishing to use this data for research purposes should check with the authors for an update. Neither the collectors of the data or those sponsoring the data collection wish to bear responsibility for the use to which others may make of this data. The financial support of the National Science Foundation, the All-UC Group in Economic History, and of the Institute of Business and Economic Research and the Laboratory for Historical Research, both of the University of California, is appreciated. For further description of the Historical Labor Statistics Project, discussion of the social, economic, and political context in which the data were collected, and an assessment of data quality, see Susan B. Carter, Roger L. Ransom, and Richard Sutch, "The Historical Labor Statistics Project at the University of California," Historical Methods 24 (2) (Spring 1991): 52-65 and Susan B. Carter, Roger L. Ransom, and Richard Sutch, "Doing the Wright Thing: Carroll Wright and the State Labor Statistics Movement." Paper Presented at the Conference on Historical Labor Statistics, Lawrence, Kansas, June 1991. Suggested Citation: Susan B. Carter, Roger L. Ransom, Richard Sutch, and Hongcheng Zhao. Codebook and User's Manual: A Survey of 5,419 Workers in the Furniture Industry of Michigan, 1889; Reported in the Seventh Annual Report of the Michigan Bureau of Labor and Industrial Statistics. Berkeley: Institute of Business and Economic Research, 1993. A SURVEY OF 5,419 WORKERS IN THE FURNITURE INDUSTRY OF MICHIGAN, 1889 In 1889 the Michigan Bureau of Labor undertook a canvass of workers in the furniture industry of their state. The study, which was one of a series undertaken by the bureau to obtain "reliable information relating to the social conditions surrounding employees" in the state. The investigation, according to the Commissioner, has been confined to the furniture manufacturing industry, and has been systematically carried on through special agents, employed by this bureau, who have visited the various factories, and had personal interviews with the men employed, recording their answers to questions contained in the blanks furnished by the bureau for this work, from which the following tables have been compiled. The answers to the questions enumerated in the tables are therefore the personal testimony of the men employed, and are entitled to credit. The canvass covered a total of 73 firms in 24 cities. In its 1890 Report, the Bureau published summary tables reporting individual responses to 33 questions asked in the survey. The Historical Labor Statistics Project has coded the information for all 5,419 worker returns reported by the Bureau into machine- readable format. A list of the 33 questions asked of each worker in the survey is provided in Table 1. Table 2 lists the surveyed cities, together with the number of workers sampled from firms operating in each city and the population of the city population in 1890. Table 3 identifies the 73 firms, and gives the number of employees canvassed in each firm. The bureau requested information from each firm regarding the total number of employees with that firm, and the "total wholesale output" sold that year by the firm. This data is reported in Table 3 for the 54 firms which responded to the bureau's inquiry. Table 3 gives the number of respondents identified as working for each firm. Three variables reported in Table 1 -- Reported Occupation [OCC], Reported Wages [WAGE] and Reported Annual Saving [SAVNGS] require particular comment. The occupation of each worker [OCC] was coded and entered exactly as it was reported by the Bureau. The codes and frequency of response for each of the 192 individual job descriptions are reported in Table 4. These detailed titles were then recoded into 40 broader occupational categories presented in Table 5. This reclassification was carried out conjunction with an analysis of retirement and downward occupational mobility. The consolidation of occupational titles was based on an examination of the occupational description, together with data on the daily wage of workers in each occupational category and similarity of employment experience suggested by the YRSOCC and YRSEMP variables reported in the data set. A cross-tabulation of the OCC and RSOCC variables is reported in Table 6. The Michigan Bureau did not report the sex of workers in the tables of individual information. They did, however, report the sex of workers canvassed in the summary statistics presented in the Report. Using these summary statistics identifying the sex of workers canvassed in each firm, Robert Whaples was able to identify 216 women workers in the individual reports. We have incorporated Whaples' finding in the data provided here. Table 11 presents the distribution of workers according to SEX. Since version 2.0, most of the variable names and some of the variable codes have been changed. Users are reminded to be aware of these changes. The data from this sample of 5,419 furniture workers in Michigan in 1889 has been archived at the Laboratory for Historical Research at the University of California, Riverside. For additional information regarding the availability of these data please contact: Professor Roger Ransom Department of History University of California Riverside, CA 92521 FAX [909] 787-5299 Table 1 Questions Asked of Respondents Survey of 5,419 Michigan Furniture Workers, 1889 Name Description PAGE Page of Bureau Report ID Case Number for this Data Set RES City Where Firm was Located FIRM Name of Firm Employing the Worker OCC Occupation [Reported by Worker] RSOCC Occupation [Ransom-Sutch Occupation Classification] RSSKILL Skill [Ransom-Sutch Occupational Classification] AGE Age POB Place of Birth PPOB Parents Place of Birth MS Marital Status SEX Sex of Worker KIDS Number of Children in the Family SCH Number of Children Attending School DEP How Many Depend on You for Support? AGEWK Age Began Work YRSOCC Number of Years at Present Occupation YRSEMP Number of Years with Present Employer MONTHS Number of Months Employed during the Year DLOST Number of Days Lost during the Year WHY Cause for Loss of Time WAGE Wages Received UWAGE Unit of Wage Level WAGEDAY Daily Wage [Estimated] TOTEAR Annual Earnings of Yourself and Family TOTEXP Annual Family Expenses SAVINGS Amount Saved during the Year STAKE Amount of Money on Arrival in U.S. SAVINTR Amount at Interest or in a Bank INSLIFE How Much Life Insurance Have You? HMVALUE Value of Home [if Owned] MORT Amount of Mortgage [if Mortgaged] RENT Monthly Rental [if Renting] BOARD Boarding Cost Per Week, Including Room [if Boarder] MUSIC What Musical Instruments Have You? DAILY Number of Daily Papers Taken WEEKLY Number of Weekly Papers Taken MAGS Number of Magazines Taken SEW Have You a Sewing Machine? BENESOC How Many Benefit Societies do You Belong to? BENEFIT Weekly Benefits in case of Sickness or Accident Table 2 Cities Included in the Canvass [RES] Survey of 5,419 Michigan Furniture Workers, 1889 Frequency Code City Number Workers Population of Firms Sampled in 1890 1 Grand Rapids 28 2,968 60,278 2 Detroit 15 839 205,876 3 Adrian 1 107 8,756 4 Allegan 1 11 2,669 5 Ann Arbor 1 41 9,431 6 Big Rapids 2 70 5,303 7 Buchanan 2 54 5,904 8 Charlotte 3 98 3,876 9 Constantine 1 46 1,346 10 Grand Ledge 1 64 1,606 11 Hillsdale 1 21 3,916 12 Holland 2 41 3,945 13 Manistee 2 92 12,812 14 Muskegon 2 86 22,702 15 Newaygo 1 35 1,330 16 Niles 1 12 4,197 17 Northville 3 170 1,573 18 Otsego 1 94 1,626 19 Owosso 3 232 6,564 20 Potterville 1 40 505 21 Saginaw 1 47 46,322 22 Sparta 1 63 904 23 Saint Johns 1 94 3,127 24 Sturgis 3 94 2,489 Total 78 5,419 417,057 Source: Number of firms and workers sampled: sample of 5,419 furniture workers, distribution by the variable FIRM; population of cities: U.S. Census Office, Twelfth Census of The United States, Population, Volume 1, Table 5, pp. 182-94. Table 3 Firms [FIRMS] Survey of 5,419 Michigan Furniture Workers, 1889 Number of Workers Code Firm Name Sampled Employed Output Grand Rapids: 1 Widdicombe Furniture Co 388 610 $559,950 2 Phoenix Furniture Co 357 625 544,913 3 Nelson Matter & Co 309 n.a. n.a. 4 Berkey & Gay Firniture Co 238 375 500,000 5 Bissell Carpet Sweeper Co 146 211 350,000 6 Grand Rapids Chair Co 136 229 274,686 7 Grand Rapids Refrgerator Co 131 141 150,000 8 McCord and Bradfield Furniture Co 129 260 323,000 9 Oriel Cabinent Co 122 225 300,000 10 Sligh Furniture Co 116 n.a. n.a. 11 Grand Rapids School Furniture Co 114 300 386,000 12 Kent Furniture Manufacturing Co 96 250 350,000 13 Wm A. Berkey Furniture Co 96 130 150,000 14 Grand Rapids Furniture Co 81 110 70,000 15 New England Furniture Co 59 150 150,000 16 M.L. Sweet 56 n.a. n.a. 17 Folding Chair and Table Co 49 60 80,000 18 Stowe and Davis Furniture Co 43 n.a. n.a. 19 Worden Furniture 42 85 120,000 20 Grand Rapids Veneer Works 42 64 57,922 21 Universal Tripod Co 39 n.a. n.a. 22 Peninsular Furniture Co 39 55 45,000 23 Grand Rapids Cabinent Co 35 n.a. n.a. 24 Grand Rapids Parlor Furniture Co 34 50 75,000 25 Z.E. Allen 27 38 35,000 26 Wolverine Chair Co 19 n.a. n.a. 27 Valley City Rattan Works 13 30 12,000 28 Valley City Table Co 12 31 25,000 Detroit: 40 M.J. Murphy Co 278 400 325,000 41 Hargreaves Manufacturing Co 112 n.a. n.a. 42 F. Poseliues & Bros 64 83 101,586 43 C.H. Haberkorn & Co 65 95 100,000 44 Aertz, Meyers and Kirchberg 48 75 100,000 45 C.D. Widman & Co 47 n.a. n.a. 46 Gray & Baffey 43 79 75,000 47 Wm. Wright 34 n.a. n.a. 48 Denizer Furniture 33 42 40,000 49 Hunt, Craine, & Co 28 n.a. n.a. 50 A.A. Maynard 22 n.a. n.a. 51 Michigan Chair & Furniture Co 20 n.a. n.a. 52 Wolverine Manufacturing Co 19 n.a. n.a. 53 Rudolph Boltz 13 n.a. n.a. 54 Chas Flach 13 14 7,581 Charlotte: 65 Charlotte Manufacturing 33 40 38,046 68 Curtis & Bennet 46 n.a. n.a. 78 Houck & Perkins 19 n.a. n.a. Northville: 69 Ely Dowell & Manufacturing Co 7 n.a. n.a. 74 Globe Furniture 161 260 225,000 76 Granville Wood & Son, Pipe Organ 2 11 16,350 Owosso: 71 Esty Manufacturing Co 161 225 225,000 87 Robbins Table Co 16 20 15,000 94 Woodward Brothers 55 61 53,476 Sturgis: 62 Aulsbrook & Sturges 53 70 65,000 77 Grobhiser & Crosby Furniture Co 22 31 35,000 91 The Wait & Barnes Furniture Co 19 n.a. n.a. Big Rapids: 63 Big Rapids Furniture Co 12 n.a. n.a. 67 Crescent Furniture Co 58 73 40,000 Buchanan: 84 Osborn Furniture Co 9 15 4,045 89 Spencer & Barnes 45 n.a. n.a. Holland: 85 R. & A.M. Kanters 18 n.a. n.a. 93 Werkman Manufacturing Co 23 70 68,000 Manistee: 72 Filertown Manufacturing 48 60 60,000 80 Manistee Manufacturing Co 44 68 40,000 Musgegon: 79 Kelly Bros Manufacturing Co 29 64 95,000 82 Muskegon Valley Furniture Co 57 145 145,000 Cities with a single firm: 60 A.E. Palmer 21 35 40,000 61 Adrian Furniture Co 107 154 125,000 64 C.D. Stuart 94 114 55,000 66 Converse Furniture Co 35 n.a. n.a. 70 Empire Furniture Co 46 46 30,000 73 G.N. & J.W. Potter 40 45 45,000 75 Grand Ledge Chair Co 64 60 35,000 81 Michigan Furniture Co 41 60 55,577 83 Oliver & Co 11 16 12,000 86 The Ring-Brady Co 47 77 90,000 88 Skalla Furniture Co 12 n.a. n.a. 90 St Johns Manufacturing 94 172 200,000 92 Welch Folding Bed Co 63 100 90,000 Total 5,412 n.a. n.a. Table 4 Occupational Titles Reported [OCC] Survey of 5,419 Furniture Workers in Michigan, 1889 Code Response Frequency -9 No response 4 1 Apprentice 15 2 Asst cashier 1 3 Band sawyer 2 4 Bench hand 62 5 Bookkeeper 11 6 Bristle 6 7 Bronzer 1 8 Brushmaker 11 9 Cabinet inspector 2 10 Cabinet maker 890 11 Caner 23 12 Car loader 4 13 Carlogger 1 14 Carpenter 16 15 Carver 228 16 Chair maker 100 17 Crate maker 1 18 Crater 7 19 Dauber 7 20 Decorator 8 21 Decorator and gilder 1 22 Designer 5 23 Dopper 3 24 Drapery sewer 1 25 Dry kilner 5 26 Elevatorman 12 27 Engineer 44 28 Filer 2 29 Filler 113 30 Finisher 784 31 Fireman 25 32 Foreman 112 33 Glass inspector 1 34 Glass setter 2 35 Gluer 30 36 Grinder 3 37 Hand polisher 1 38 Ice rack maker 2 39 Inspector 2 40 Iron worker 5 41 Laborer 288 42 Lugger 13 43 Lumber inspector 6 44 Lumber piler 16 45 Machine carver 6 46 Machine hand 1,036 47 Machine tender 6 48 Machinist 33 49 Marker 13 50 Millwright 9 51 Molder 33 53 Overseer 1 54 Packer 171 55 Painter 27 56 Planer 2 57 Plumber 2 58 Polisher 142 59 Rime bender 1 60 Repairer 2 61 Round worker 35 62 Rubber 2 63 Salesperson 1 64 Sand paperer 7 65 Sander 121 66 Saw filer 5 67 Sawyer 63 68 Seamster/seamstress 4 69 Shipping clerk 18 70 Shop helper 4 71 Solderer 2 72 Spring maker 2 73 Stainer 24 74 Stamper 3 75 Steam fitter 5 76 Stenciler 3 77 Stock clerk 3 78 Stock keeper 12 79 Stockman 13 81 Superintendent 4 82 Sweeper 2 84 Teamster 40 85 Tinner 12 86 Tirehand 1 87 Trimmer 54 88 Trucker 8 89 Turner 72 90 Upholsterer 70 91 Varnisher 127 92 Veneer cutter 5 93 Veneerer 9 94 Water rubber 1 95 Woodworker 3 96 Yardman 17 97 Photographer 2 98 Wood worker 3 110 Tapanner 2 111 Nailer 4 112 Nickel plater 1 113 Pressman 2 120 Timekeeper 3 121 Mechanic 5 122 Electric plater 1 123 Church furn hand 2 124 Casting finisher 1 125 Travelling salesman 3 126 Asst secretary 1 127 Draftsman 1 128 Asst manager 1 129 Setter 1 130 Castings cleaner 2 131 Chore boy 1 132 Lumber scaler 1 133 Type-writer 1 134 Cupola tender 1 135 Organ builder 4 136 Piano maker 1 137 Bellows maker 1 138 Engraver 1 139 Scroll sawyer 1 140 Carpenter & teamster 1 141 Yard boss 1 142 Shellacker 4 143 Table maker 3 144 Table hand 1 145 Table hinger 1 146 Lumber sorter 1 147 Sorter 1 148 Drayman 3 149 Shaper 1 150 Bender 3 151 Office boy 2 152 Wire hand 2 153 Spring presser 2 154 Wire stretcher 1 155 Shipper assistant 1 156 Chair inspector 1 157 Tacker 1 158 Wire turner 1 159 Chair weaver 92 160 Gilder 23 161 Joiner 5 162 Frame maker 1 163 Putty presser 8 164 Ornamenter 13 165 Frame whitener 4 166 Comps maker 1 167 Box maker 2 168 Molding maker 2 169 Asst foreman 4 170 Ivory finisher 2 172 Head lady 1 173 Frame wrapper 2 174 Machine cleaner 1 175 Miterer 1 176 Picture framer 1 177 Carver & cabinet maker 1 178 Frame cutter 1 179 Asst shipping clerk 1 180 Mirror silverer 1 181 Frame finisher 3 182 Shipper 2 183 Frame fitter 2 184 Woodworker 8 185 Night watchman 8 186 Glazier 1 187 Carver and turner 1 188 Striper 1 189 Grainer 2 190 Refrigerator carpenter 1 191 Rail maker 1 192 Bracket turner 1 193 Matcher 1 194 Packer/sand paperer 1 195 Chair hand 3 196 Screw hand 1 197 Stock dresser 2 198 Saw duster 1 199 Lumberman 1 200 Wire weaver 4 201 Helper 1 202 Tool repairer 1 203 Carpenter/joiner 3 204 Duster 1 205 Drawers driver 1 206 Picker 1 207 Errand boy 1 208 Kiln tender 1 209 Joiner and gluer 1 210 Packer and shipper 1 211 Pattern marker 1 212 Rubber and polisher 1 213 Furniture workman 1 216 Spring fastener 2 Total 5,419 Table 5 Ransom-Sutch Occupation and Skill Codes Survey of 5,419 Furniture Workers in Michigan, 1889 Codes Code Response R-S occupation R-S skill [RSOCC] [RSSKILL] 4 Bench hand 62 3 10 Cabinet maker 890 1 14 Carpenter 31 1 15 Carver 236 1 27 Engineer 44 1 29 Filler 121 3 30 Finisher 790 2 31 Fireman 25 2 32 Foreman/supervisor 124 1 35 Gluer 31 2 41 Laborer 288 3 44 Lumber piler 45 3 46 Machine hand 1,043 2 48 Machinist 38 1 51 Molder 33 1 54 Packer 175 3 55 Painter 55 3 58 Polisher 146 2 61 Round worker 35 3 65 Sander 128 3 67 Sawyer 66 2 84 Teamster 51 1 87 Trimmer 54 2 89 Turner 76 1 90 Upholster 75 2 91 Varnisher 131 2 159 Chair weaver 115 3 160 Gilder 32 2 230 Inspector 12 1 231 Clerk 69 1 233 Metal worker 50 2 234 Woodworker 45 2 235 Assembler 117 3 236 Janitor 16 3 237 Apprentice 31 3 238 Designer 13 1 240 Misc unskilled 40 3 245 Misc skilled 22 2 250 Misc artisans 17 1 300 Unclassified 47 4 Total 5,419 82 Table 6 Cross-Classification of Ransom-Sutch Occupational Titles With Reported Occupational Definitions Survey of 5,419 Michigan Furniture Workers, 1889 R-S Code Response Reported Occupation Code[s] [RSOCC] [OCC] 4 Bench hand 4 14 Carpenter 14 111 140 145 161 190 203 15 Carver 15 45 177 187 27 Engineer 27 30 Finisher 30 94 170 181 31 Fireman 31 32 Foreman 32 53 81 128 414 169 172 35 Gluer 35 204 41 Laborer 41 44 44 Lumber piler 96 132 146 147 185 199 46 Machine hand 46 47 174 48 Machinist 48 121 51 Molder 51 54 Packer 54 173 194 210 55 Painter 55 73 165 58 Polisher 37 58 212 61 Round worker 61 65 Sander 64 65 67 Sawyer 3 67 139 84 Teamster 84 88 148 87 Trimmer 87 89 Turner 98 95 192 90 Upholsterer 68 90 157 91 Varnisher 91 142 159 Chair weaver 11 159 160 Gilder 20 21 160 230 Inspector 9 33 39 43 156 231 Clerks 2 5 69 77 78 79 120 126 133 155 179 182 197 233 Metal worker 28 36 38 40 66 71 72 74 85 112 122 124 130 150 154 158 200 234 Wood worker 18 25 56 92 93 123 149 175 176 178 183 184 208 235 Assemblers 16 17 135 136 137 143 166 167 168 191 213 236 Janitorial 26 82 198 204 237 Apprentice & helper 1 70 131 144 151 152 195 196 201 207 238 Designer 22 76 97 127 138 211 240 Misc. unskilled 8 49 153 164 193 245 Misc. skilled 7 12 19 34 60 113 129 180 186 206 250 Misc. artisan 50 57 75 202 300 Not classified 6 13 23 24 42 59 63 86 98 110 125 134 162 188 189 205 216 Table 7 Ransom-Sutch Skill Codes [RSSKILL] Survey of 5,419 Michigan Furniture Workers, 1889 Code Response Frequency -9 No response 14 1 Artisan 1,634 2 Skilled 2,510 3 Unskilled 1,228 4 Unclassified 47 Total 5,419 Table 8 Age [AGE] Survey of 5,419 Michigan Furniture Workers, 1889 Age Frequency 11 - 15 years old 467 16 - 20 1,240 21 - 25 1,000 26 - 30 852 31 - 35 573 36 - 40 467 41 - 45 307 46 - 50 226 51 - 55 129 56 - 60 99 61 - 65 36 66 - 70 15 71 - 74 8 Total 5,419 Table 9 Place of Birth of Respondents and their Parents Survey of 5,419 Michigan Furniture Workers, 1889 Frequency Code Response Respondent Parents [POB] [PPOB] 2 Arizona 1 0 3 Arkansas 2 0 4 California 3 0 6 Connecticut 3 0 7 Delaware 3 0 8 Florida 4 0 9 Georgia 1 0 11 Illinois 43 0 12 Indiana 77 0 13 Iowa 9 1 14 Kansas 2 0 15 Kentucky 9 0 17 Maine 3 0 18 Maryland 3 0 19 Massachusetts 38 0 20 Michigan 1,423 1 21 Minnesota 3 0 23 Missouri 5 0 26 Nevada 1 0 27 New Hampshire 6 0 28 New Jersey 16 0 30 New York 345 1 33 Ohio 173 0 36 Pennsylvania 60 0 37 Rhode Island 1 0 43 Vermont 24 0 44 Virginia 3 0 46 West Virginia 1 0 47 Wisconsin 20 0 49 United States 335 1,504 Subtotal 2,617 1,507 50 Canada 254 145 61 New Zealand 1 1 62 Brazil 3 0 63 West Indies 1 0 64 Ocean 2 0 65 Bermuda 1 1 66 Isle of Man 1 0 67 Central America 2 0 70 England 96 238 71 Scotland 29 98 72 Wales 1 2 73 Ireland 46 205 74 Portugal 0 1 75 Spain 0 1 76 France 9 45 77 Belgium 20 26 78 Holland 1,157 1,393 79 Germany 787 1,297 80 Austria 27 33 81 Italy 3 3 82 Sweden 162 171 83 Norway 23 23 84 Finland 1 1 85 Denmark 46 45 86 Russia 24 19 87 Poland 93 146 90 Bohemia 1 1 91 Swiss 12 17 Subtotal 2,802 3,912 Total 5,419 5,419 Table 10 Marital Status [MS] Survey of 5,419 Michigan Furniture Workers, 1889 Code Response Frequency 1 Single 2,796 2 Married 2,513 3 Widowed 110 Total 5,419 Table 11 Sex [SEX] Survey of 5,419 Michigan Furniture Workers, 1889 Code Response Frequency 1 Male 5,203 2 Female 216 Total 5,419 Table 12 Number of Dependents, Children and Children Attending School Survey of 5,419 Michigan Furniture Workers, 1889 Frequency Number Children Attending School Dependents or code [KIDS] [SCH] [DEP] -9(No response) 3,290 4,266 2,658 1 person 642 505 592 2 488 355 737 3 403 188 508 4 258 81 388 5 146 17 250 6 83 4 141 7 57 2 80 8 24 0 42 9 17 1 15 10 4 0 6 11 4 0 1 12 3 0 1 Total 5,419 5,419 5,419 Table 13 Number of Years at Present Occupation and with Present Employer Survey of 5,419 Michigan Furniture Workers, 1889 Frequency Years At present occupation W/ present employer or code [YRSOCC] [YRSEMP] -9(No response) 94 79 0.02 - 1.00 year 1,314 2,250 1.01 - 2.00 741 994 2.01 - 3.00 517 591 3.01 - 4.00 376 366 4.01 - 5.00 287 223 5.01 - 6.00 264 184 6.01 - 7.00 274 195 7.01 - 8.00 240 145 8.01 - 9.00 132 83 9.01 - 10.00 166 82 10.01 - 11.00 63 24 11.01 - 12.00 122 38 12.01 - 13.00 69 30 13.01 - 14.00 69 34 14.01 - 15.00 102 32 15.01 - 54.00 589 69 Total 5,419 5,419 Table 14 Number of Months Employed during the Year [MONTHS] Survey of 5,419 Michigan Furniture Workers, 1889 Months or code Frequency -9(No response) 10 0.25 - 1.00 month 45 1.01 - 2.00 35 2.01 - 3.00 35 3.01 - 4.00 30 4.01 - 5.00 32 5.01 - 6.00 154 6.01 - 7.00 47 7.01 - 8.00 156 8.01 - 9.00 275 9.01 - 10.00 657 10.01 - 11.00 1,475 11.01 - 12.00 2,468 Total 5,419 Table 15 Number of Days Lost during the Year [DLOST] Survey of 5,419 Michigan Furniture Workers, 1889 Days or code Frequency -9(No response) 1,768 6 - 20 days 1,179 21 - 40 1,247 41 - 60 655 61 - 80 264 81 - 100 15 101 - 120 130 121 - 140 31 141 - 160 87 161 - 286 43 Total 5,419 Table 16 Cause for Loss of Time [WHY] Survey of 5,419 Michigan Furniture Workers, 1889 Code Reason Frequency -9 No response 1,664 1 Accident 22 2 Fire 27 3 First work in U.S 231 4 High water 2 5 Holidays/vacation 114 6 Invoicing 9 7 Laid off 21 8 No work 1,979 9 Not in U.S. 39 10 Other business 15 11 Own fault 1 12 Repairs 142 13 School 10 14 Self-employed 3 15 Shut down or closed 659 16 Sickness 253 17 Travelling 8 18 Unsteady 3 19 Voluntary 12 20 No work & sick 103 21 No work & school 1 22 No work & accident 4 24 Sickness & repairs 5 27 Strike, no work & sick 1 28 At home 1 29 Didn't have to work 1 30 Sick & vacation 18 31 Worked at home 3 32 Away and no work 2 33 Dissipation 2 34 Quit work 2 35 Sick and death 1 36 Sick & away 1 37 Various causes 6 38 Sick and laid off 1 39 Sick and personal work 3 40 Bad weather 4 41 Old age 1 42 Moving shop 2 43 Change of work 1 44 Visiting & repairs 2 45 Holiday & repairs 4 46 Shut down & sick 10 47 Shut Down & Laid off 1 48 Accident & shut down 1 49 Shut down & vacation 4 50 Dissatisfied 1 51 Vacation & no work 5 52 Baseball 4 53 Accident & sick 2 54 Sickness & moving 1 55 Moving 1 56 Invoicing & repairs 3 57 Away & shut down 1 58 Away from home 1 59 Invoice 1 Total 5,419 Table 17 Unit of Wage Level [UWAGE] Survey of 5,419 Michigan Furniture Workers, 1889 Code Response Frequency -9 No response 1 1 Hour 21 2 Day 2,605 3 Week 2,746 4 Month 46 Total 5,419 Table 18 Wage Received* [WAGE] Survey of 5,419 Michigan Furniture Workers, 1889 Wages or code Frequency If answer to UWAGE in Table 17 is '-9', -9(No response) 1 If answer to UWAGE in Table 17 is '1', -8(Less than $1.00) 21 If answer to UWAGE in Table 17 is '2', -8(Less than $1.00) 155 $1.00 1,899 2.00 432 3.00 113 4.00 6 If answer to UWAGE in Table 17 is '3', -8(Less than $1.00) 2 $1.00 - 2.00 243 2.01 - 3.00 370 3.01 - 4.00 238 4.01 - 5.00 148 5.01 - 6.00 189 6.01 - 7.00 304 7.01 - 8.00 282 8.01 - 9.00 282 0.01 - 10.00 309 10.01 - 25.00 379 If answer to UWAGE in Table 17 is '4', $8.00 - 10.00 2 10.01 - 20.00 8 20.01 - 30.00 3 30.01 - 40.00 5 40.01 - 50.00 7 50.01 - 166.00 21 Total 5,419 * All the decimals for this variable missed in the data set. For those value less than $1.00, we recoded as '-8'. Table 19 Annual Earnings, Expenses and Savings in a Bank Survey of 5,419 Michigan Furniture Workers, 1889 Frequency Value Earnings Expenses Savings or code [TOTEAR] [TOTEXP] [SAVINTR] -9(No response) 3 2,771 4,899 $2.00 - 100.00 270 6 245 100.01 - 200.00 699 78 107 200.01 - 300.00 672 447 41 300.01 - 400.00 1,332 909 28 400.01 - 500.00 1,150 642 24 500.01 - 600.00 581 299 14 600.01 - 700.00 261 115 6 700.01 - 800.00 218 90 5 800.01 - 900.00 88 25 4 900.01 - 1,000.00 76 23 13 1,000.01 - 5,000.00 69 14 33 Total 5,419 5,419 5,419 Table 20 Amount of Money on Arrival in US [STAKE] Survey of 5,419 Michigan Furniture Workers, 1889 Value or code Frequency -9(No response) 4,903 $1.00 - 50.00 274 50.01 - 100.00 107 100.01 - 150.00 30 150.01 - 200.00 35 200.01 - 250.00 8 250.01 - 300.00 17 300.01 - 350.00 2 350.01 - 400.00 13 400.01 - 2,500.00 30 Total 5,419 Table 21 Amount Saved during the Year [SAVINGS] Survey of 5,419 Michigan Furniture Workers, 1889 Value or code Frequency -9(No response) 4,205 $2.00 - 50.00 435 50.01 - 100.00 403 100.01 - 150.00 148 150.01 - 200.00 131 200.01 - 250.00 26 250.01 - 300.00 34 300.01 - 350.00 5 350.01 - 400.00 16 400.01 - 715.00 16 Total 5,419 Table 22 Value of Home and Life Insurance Survey of 5,419 Michigan Furniture Workers, 1889 Frequency Value Value of Home Life Insurance or code [HMVALUE] [INSLIFE] -9(No response) 4,087 4,787 $38.00 - 500.00 211 134 500.01 - 1,500.00 904 202 1,500.01 - 2,000.00 121 188 2,000.01 - 2,500.00 40 26 2,500.01 - 3,000.00 29 57 3,000.01 - 10,000.00 27 25 Total 5,419 5,419 Table 23 Amount of Mortgage [MORT] Survey of 5,419 Michigan Furniture Workers, 1889 Value or code Frequency -9(No response) 4,623 $16.00 - 100.00 52 100.01 - 200.00 129 200.01 - 300.00 140 300.01 - 400.00 132 400.01 - 500.00 126 500.01 - 600.00 64 600.01 - 700.00 51 700.01 - 800.00 45 800.01 - 900.00 18 900.01 - 1,000.00 17 1,000.01 - 2,600.00 22 Total 5,419 Table 24 Monthly Rental and Weekly Boarding Cost Survey of 5,419 Michigan Furniture Workers, 1889 Frequency Value Monthly Rent Weekly Board or code [RENT] [BOARD] -9(No response) 4,158 3,884 $1.00 - 2.00 12 115 2.01 - 3.00 45 471 3.01 - 4.00 147 752 4.01 - 5.00 258 150 5.01 - 6.00 288 19 6.01 - 7.00 167 9 7.01 - 8.00 158 11 8.01 - 9.00 43 5 9.01 - 10.00 71 3 10.01 - 11.00 13 0 11.01 - 12.00 25 0 12.01 - 24.00 34 0 Total 5,419 5,419 Table 25 Have You a Sewing Machine? [SEW] Survey of 5,419 Michigan Furniture Workers, 1889 Code Response Frequency 1 No 3,563 2 Yes 1,856 Total 5,419 Table 26 WHat Musical Instruments Have You? [MUSIC] Survey of 5,419 Michigan Furniture Workers, 1889 Code Response Frequency -8 None 4,762 1 Accordion 24 2 Banjo 18 3 Cornet 13 4 Drums 2 5 Flute 3 6 Guitar 35 7 Harmonica 2 8 Horn 10 9 Melodian 15 10 Organ 345 11 Piano 106 12 Piccolo 1 13 Violin 57 14 Zither 7 15 Banjo & Guitar 2 16 Banjo & Accordion 1 17 Clarinet 5 18 Otto Harp 2 19 Harp 1 20 Piano & Violin 2 21 Zither & Guitar 3 22 Trombone 2 23 Fife 1 Total 5,419 Table 27 Number of Daily Paper, Weekly Paper and Magazines Taken Survey of 5,419 Michigan Furniture Workers, 1889 Frequency Number Daily paper Weekly paper Magazine or code [DAILY] [WEEKLY] [MAGS] -9(No response) 3,988 3,465 5,030 1 paper/magazine 1,347 1,440 321 2 77 356 57 3 6 114 5 4 1 32 3 5 0 4 2 6 0 6 0 7 0 2 0 8 0 0 0 9 0 0 1 Total 5,419 5,419 5,419 Table 28 How Many Benefit Societies do You Belong to? [BENESOC] Survey of 5,419 Michigan Furniture Workers, 1889 Number or code Frequency -9(No response) 4,180 1 society 1,040 2 171 3 26 4 2 Total 5,419 Table 29 Weekly Benefit [BENEFIT] Survey of 5,419 Michigan Furniture Workers, 1889 Value or code Frequency -9(No response) 4,193 $1.00 - 2.00 15 2.01 - 4.00 153 4.01 - 6.00 803 6.01 - 8.00 14 8.01 - 10.00 149 10.01 - 12.00 22 12.01 - 14.00 16 14.01 - 16.00 35 16.01 - 18.00 1 18.01 - 20.00 4 20.01 - 750.00 14 Total 5,419 Table 30 Age Began Work [AGEWK] Survey of 5,419 Michigan Furniture Workers, 1889 Age Frequency 5 - 6 years old 10 7 - 8 97 9 - 10 334 11 - 12 1,024 13 - 14 2,057 15 - 16 1,246 17 - 18 413 19 - 20 140 21 - 22 63 23 - 24 11 25 - 26 15 27 - 29 9 Total 5,419